Similar But Different: Constructing Equivalent Protest Measures in Comparative Research

Protest emerges in different forms countries. A strategy is presented here to deal with country-specific of protest by developing equivalent instead identical measures 13 advanced democracies around the world. The main substantive results show, first, a clear distinction between direct and organizational actions. Yet specific compositions these two modes differ Second, common cross-national subsets items comprising only three for actions (demonstrating, petitioning, boycotting) also (humanitarian/charitable, self-help, consumer organizations). Third, several can be used as expansions three-item sets. Apparently, constructing most important detection relatively small sets indicators accompanying disclosure protest. Due percentages protesters, applying largely produces same positioning countries from perspective.